32. Asmoday: a king of the Ars Goetia

How to read the labels Historical what the old sources say. Later tradition what later writers added. Modern modern practice and my own notes.

Spirit 32 of the Ars Goetia is Asmoday. The 1904 edition by S. L. MacGregor Mathers and Aleister Crowley calls him a king ruling 72 legions, and the first office it gives him is this: Asmoday gives “the Ring of Virtues.”

I read his entry in layers. The old texts come first, later additions second and modern practice last, and every part carries a label so the layers never blur.

If you came here wondering whether Asmoday suits a beginner, the short answer is in the Practical notes below: he does not meet the three beginner criteria I use, and I explain why.

At a glance

Historical These are the facts of the entry itself, from the 1904 text and its Observations.

• Number: 32 of 72, in the 1904 order.
• Name and spellings: Asmoday in 1904; other spellings: Asmodai (1904), Sidonay (Weyer, Scot), Asmodeus, Ashmedai.
• Rank and legions: King, 72 legions.
• Metal of his rank (Observations): gold.
• Hours for kings (Observations): “From 9 till 12 o’clock at Noon, and from 3 till Sunset.”
• In Weyer’s catalog (1577): yes, as the source comparison below shows.

The Observations also say to work only when the Moon is 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 or 14 days old. These rules show how the Goetia imagined its spirits, as officials with office hours. You do not need them to read the entry, and the facts table above gives the short version.

The seal (1904)

Historical The seal shown above is Asmoday’s seal as printed in the 1904 edition, in a faithful vector drawing of that public-domain printing. The Observations ask for each seal to be made in the metal of the spirit’s rank, which for Asmoday means gold. In the text’s world the seal identifies the spirit and protects the magician; several entries say it is worn on the breast as a lamen.

No two editions draw every seal the same way. The 1904 seals reflect Mathers’s reading of the manuscripts, and many modern versions online are copies of copies. If you compare, keep track of where each drawing comes from.

Modern Looking at a seal does nothing on its own; it is a drawing in an old book. Modern practitioners almost always draw seals on paper rather than casting them in metal. Copying Asmoday’s seal slowly by hand is also a good study exercise, because you notice lines and circles that the eye skips.

Appearance

Historical Asmoday “appeareth with Three Heads, whereof the first is like a Bull, the second like a Man, and the third like a Ram.” He has a serpent’s tail, flames issue from his mouth, his feet are “webbed like those of a Goose,” and he “sitteth upon an Infernal Dragon, and beareth in his hand a Lance with a Banner.”

Offices in the Ars Goetia

Historical These are all the offices the 1904 text gives him, in the order it gives them.

• Gives “the Ring of Virtues.”
• Teaches arithmetic, astronomy, geometry, and “all handicrafts absolutely.”
• Gives true and full answers.
• Makes one invincible.
• Shows where treasures lie, and guards them.

He is “first and choicest under the Power of Amaymon” and governs 72 legions. He must be called outdoors, “abroad,” with the magician standing and bareheaded, “for if it be on, Amaymon will deceive him.” The magician asks, “Art thou Asmoday?” and he “will not deny it.”

Offices of harm or compulsion are part of the historical record, and reporting them is not endorsing them. For how offices work across the 72, see ranks and offices.

Source comparison: Weyer and Scot

Historical Scot’s Weyer gives “Sidonay, alias Asmoday,” “a great king, strong and mightie,” with the same three heads, serpent’s tail, flames, goose feet, dragon, lance, and flag. The offices match. In the brass vessel story, Weyer names Asmoday as third of the chiefs.

Weyer’s catalog appeared in 1577 and Reginald Scot translated it into English in 1584. Comparing the two with the 1904 text shows how much the Goetia owes to them, and where it changed or added things. More in Weyer and Scot.

Later tradition

Later tradition Asmoday is the Goetic form of Asmodeus, the demon of the book of Tobit, who kills seven husbands of Sarah until the angel Raphael binds him. In the Talmud, as Ashmedai, he is king of demons and Solomon’s captive. In the Testament of Solomon, Asmodeus appears and tells Solomon his kingdom will be divided. Asmoday thus has the deepest roots of any Goetic spirit in ancient Jewish literature. The Goetic entry, however, is late and quite different from those earlier stories.

Collin de Plancy shows Asmodeus with three heads, riding a dragon.

Modern practice and pop culture

Modern Little modern practice centers on this spirit beyond the offices above.

Many modern claims about Asmoday, such as his personality, his likes and dislikes, or the idea that he chooses certain people, appear in no grimoire. They grew in modern books and online. You can read them with interest, and you can also leave them aside.

Beginner’s quick reference

Each line below is labeled by layer, so you can see how old each piece is.

• Rank metal and hours (Goetia): King: gold; 9 a.m. to noon and 3 p.m. to sunset.
• Planet (later tradition: Golden Dawn and Crowley’s 777): Sun.
• Decan and day or night spirit (later tradition: 777): Aquarius, second decan (10 to 20 degrees); day spirit. 777 decan incense: “Stammonia” (unidentified; may refer to a toxic plant: do not burn it).
• Commonly reported color, incense, and plant (modern UPG; sources copy each other): Color yellow; incense frankincense; plant mint (toxic to cats).
• Associated symbols: Goetia image: three heads (a bull’s, a man’s, and a ram’s), a serpent’s tail, goose’s feet, and fiery breath, seated on a dragon with a lance and banner. 777 Magical Image: the same image. Le Breton engraving (1863): three heads and wings, riding a lion-like dragon. Modern Demonolatry/UPG: the seal, used as an altar image; one practitioner’s blog adds the spider and the whale.
• Associated offerings: Modern practice, not in the Goetia manuscripts: most often listed, frankincense; one source adds cinnamon, saffron, sandalwood, spikenard, and olive oil.

Incense means smoke. If you burn any, use a stick or cone with a window open, no charcoal indoors, and none at all in a home with pet birds or anyone with asthma. A plant listed here is a correspondence, not something to eat or burn, and a plant without a warning is not automatically safe. Modern offering lists copy one another, so “most often listed” means widely copied, not confirmed. Water, light, time or a note of thanks is always enough.

Practical notes

Asmoday is a king with special requirements and is said to be guarded by deception. His teaching offices are broad, but he does not match the teaching part of the beginner criteria. His history, from Tobit to the Goetia, is a rewarding subject for study.

The beginner criteria I use have three parts: the spirit is not a king, at least one office is teaching, and the entry does not center on harm, deception or compulsion. In the directory, Asmoday is not among the 31 spirits that fit.

To compare Asmoday with other spirits of his rank, read Purson and Vine. Kings are the highest rank among the 72. The 1904 Classified List names nine of them, from Bael to Belial, and they tend to rule the largest numbers of legions. Above them, in the Goetia’s wider world, stand the four kings of the quarters, such as Amaymon, who are not among the 72. The beginner criteria I use leave kings out of a first study, whatever their offices, simply because the text places them at the top of its court.

How to study this entry

If Asmoday interests you, start with study. These steps work for any of the 72.

1. Read the offices above in order and write each one in your own words.
2. Compare the 1904 wording with Scot’s English in The Discoverie of Witchcraft (Book 15, chapter 2), which is free to read online.
3. Copy the seal by hand, slowly, and note anything you missed at first glance.
4. Keep a two-column log: what the text says on the left, and what you have read online or feel about it on the right.

Then go back to all 72 spirits and read a neighbor or two. The entries make more sense side by side than alone.